Friday, October 16, 2009

DIET COMPOSITION OF ANOA (Buballus sp.) USING DIRECT OBSERVATION AND DUNG ANALYSIS METHOD IN THEIR HABITAT TOWARDS ITS BENEFICIAL AS PROSPECTIVE FARM

RI. Pujaningsih1, CI. Sutrisno1, Y. Supriondho1, A. Malik2, Djuwantoko3,

S. Pudyatmoko3, MA. Amir2, S. Aryanto3

1Faculty of Animal Agriculture, Diponegoro University

2Faculty of Agriculture, Tadulako University

3Faculty of Forestry, Gadjah Mada University

e-mail: retnoip@telkom.net


ABSTRACT


Anoas are fully protected under Indonesian Law since 1931 (Law of Protection of Wild Animals 1931, no 134). Increasing law enforcement regarding hunting as well as promoting awareness of the anoas unique and threatened existence are important conservation measures. The diet composition of the anoa of the National Park Lore Lindu in Toro Village at district of Kulawi, Central Sulawesi was studied using direct observation and dung analysis. Special aim of the research is hoping that greater understanding of both methods could potentially improve survey accuracy. Based on the research that using the combination method of direct observation and dung analysis, 28 species of vegetation was identified as anoa’s vegetation feed on in situ area. According to its percentage, ten of it were list as Freycinetia insignis Blume (17%), Microlepia todayensis Christ (8,9%), Disoxylum sp (8,6%), Lasianthus clementis Merr (7,7%), Clusia sp (7,5%), Schleria sp (6%), Podocarpus imbricatus (5,4%), Smilax leucophylla (5,1%), Elastostema sp (4,2%), Garcinia sp (3,8%). Value range for protein and crude fiber are (0,6 – 18,86%) with the average value of 8,8% (sd = 4,4) and (8,4 – 37,26%) with the average value of 25,6% (sd = 7,8), respectively. Moisture content is about (65,21 – 94,38%) in average of 80% (sd= 11,7). Furthermore, it can be concluded that anoa was found to eat more leafs and shrubs/bushes (24% respectively) compare to flowers (18%), fruits (12%), young trees (8%), grasses, tubers, young grooves (4% respectively) and moss (2%). Generally, anoa consumes 8,8 % of protein and 25,6 % of crude fibre with 80% of moisture content.

Key words: diet composition, dung analysis, anoa

MANAGING BIODIVERSITY TOWARDS BIOREGIONAL MANAGEMENT

Retno Iswarin Pujaningsih

Faculty of Animal Agriculture, Diponegoro University

Tembalang Campuss, Semarang - Indonesia

e-mail : retno4444@gmail.com


ABSTRACT

Biotic resources from this wealth of life support human livelihoods, aspirations and make it possible to adapt to changing needs and environments. The steady erosion of the diversity of genes, species, and ecosystems taking place today will undermine progress toward a sustainable society. The continuing loss of biodiversity is a telling measure of the imbalance between human needs, wants and nature’s capacity. A turning point is upon us. We can continue to simplify the environment to meet immediate needs, at the cost of long-term benefits, or we can conserve life’s precious diversity and use it sustainably. Social and economic development will succeed only if we can deliver to the next generation a world rich in possibilities. The bioregional development and conservation should be created on the institutional condition systems. The private sector should be supported to provide initiatives in biodiversity conservation by establishing tax incentives and also supporting the establishment of private Biodiversity Conservation Trusts. Moreover, the management of biological resources must be incorporated within biodiversity conservation practices into the management of all forests, promoting agricultural practices that conserve biodiversity and also restore degraded lands in ways that enhance their productivity and biodiversity. Actions to manage biodiversity in the human environment could be concluded in three systems: Creating institutional conditions for bioregional conservation and development; Support biodiversity conservation initiatives in the private sector; Incorporate biodiversity conservation into the management of biological resources.

Keywords : bioregional management, biodiversity conservation

Wednesday, October 14, 2009

Track Record of Anoa's Population

Smith (1827) cited by Mustari (2003) is the first researcher who described species of anoa (Antelope/Bubalus depressicornis) according to the skull of anoa in the British’s museum. Species of Bubalus quarlesi refer to Mustari (2003) was identified by Ouwen and reported in the year of 1910. Groves (1969) recommended that anoa’s skeleton described by Smith is anoa from the low land area. Refer to Groves (1969), in Sulawesi island there are two type of anoa, low land anoa (Bubalus depressicornis) and mountain/high land anoa (Bubalus quarlesi).

Both species are classified as endangered by the IUCN (2001). It has been estimated that there are around 5000 individuals left in the wild. Anoa populations are decreasing, however. Hunting for meat by locals and habitat loss are the main threats to anoa survival, the former being the most serious threat. Habitat degradation is causing populations to be fragmented as forest is cleared around protected areas. Anoas are threatened with local extinction in small reserves, and populations continue to decline in larger protected areas such as Lore Lindu National Park, primarily due to hunting.

Until the end of 19th century, anoa still can be found in almost Sulawesi island. Heller (1889) recommended that anoa found in Gorontalo, arround Minahasa, Likupang, Lempias and in the forest between Langowan and Pangku. Mohr (1921) described that anoa spread of in north Sulawesi included Minahasa, Klabat, Cape of Tomini, Matinang and Randangan. Anoa in Central Sulawesi was found in arround Lake of Lindu, area of Besoa, Bada, Topebatu Toli-Toli Banggai and Tobungku. In the area of South Sulawesi recorded the existency of anoa arround Lake of Matana, Lake of Towuti and Lalangatu. Moreover, Mohr (1921) recommended that mountain anoa can be also found in south Sulawesi included in the area of Tana Toraja, Binuang, Palopo, mountainous of Bowonglangi, mountain Lompobattang and mountainous of Mandar. Harper (1945) wrote about the existency of anoa in Mamuju, Mamasa, Makale-Rantepao, Palopo, Buton, Kendari, Kolaka, Malili and Masamba.


Nowadays, anoa can not be found almost in that all area mentioned above. (Mustari, 1997). Refer to data of IUCN (2001) since 1979, surely anoa disapeared evenmore in such of area near the villages they are extinction. Red List Book of IUCN put anoa in status of “endangered”. Anoa recently only can be found deep inside the forest. In north Sulawesi recorded anoa in the area of National Park Dumoga Nani Warta Bone, Conservation Area of Panua and in the some of forest area. Anoa in Central Sulawesi still can be found in Besoa and Lore Lindu National Park (Sugiharta, 1994). The existence of anoa in southeast Sulawesi was found in forest conservation area in Kolaka Utara, Rawa Aopa National Park, Tanjung Peropa, Tanjung Batikolo, Tanjung Amolengu and North Buton in amount of 150 (Mustari, 2003).

Refer to the wikipedia (2007), nowadays there are only 3000 of anoa that still survive.

References

Groves, C.P. 1969. Systematics of the Anoa (Mammalia, Bovidae). Beaufortia Zoological Museum of University of Amsterdam. 17 (223): 1-12.

Heller, K.M. 1889. Der Urbuffel von Celebes, Anoa depressicornis (H. Smith). Versuch einer Monographie. Diss. Univ. Dresden. pp.41

IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources). 2001. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. IUCN Spesies Survival Commision. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.

Mohr, E. 1921. Die geographische Verbreitung der Anoa Arten auf Celebes. Arch. Naturgeschichte 87 (6):208-214.

Mustari, A.H. 1997. Kebutuhan Nutrisi Anoa (Bubalus sp.) di Kebun Binatang Ragunan Jakarta. Laporan Penelitian Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor. (Tidak dipublikasikan)

Mustari, A. H. 2003. Ecology and Conservation of Lowland Anoa (Bubalus depressicornis) in Sulawesi, Indonesia. PhD Dissertation. University of New England. Australia.

Sugiharta, A. 1994. Abundance and habitat characterization of mountain anoas in Besoa, Lore Lindu National Park, Indonesia. A thesis for the degree Master of Science. New Mexico State University. pp.47.

PELATIHAN DAN DISKUSI BUDIDAYA KODOK LEMBU

Mengingat banyak juga yang masih berminat untuk membudidayakan kodok lembu alias Bullfrog, akan diselenggarakan pelatihan dan diskusi singkat tapi mantab dengan pembudidaya katak lembu yang sudah teruji ketangguhannya dalam berkiprah di bisnis kodok lembu ini... mulai dari awal... jatuh ... bangkit... sukses... kena gempa (musibah gempa di daerah Klaten, Yogya dan sekitarnya)... bangkit lagi dan tetap eksis...
Diskusi dengan pelakunya langsung akan sangat membangkitkan semangat dan motivasi dalam mengeruk dollar dan devisa bagi negara melalui bisnis kodok lembu yang sangat prospektif...

Pelatihan dan diskusi akan diselenggarakan dalam waktu 2 hari 1 malam di desa Kalasan pinggiran kota Yogya arah Candi Prambanan... (denah dan alamat lengkap menyusul).. Diskusi meliputi semua aspek mulai dari memilih indukan yang berkualitas, bibit percil yang baik, penyediaan pakan yang sesuai, preventif dan curatif beberapa penyakit yang sering melanda kodok lembu hingga ke aspek pemasaran...

Waktu penyelenggaraan direncanakan awal Nopember 2009 (tanggal menyusul, yang jelas hari sabtu dan minggu).. akan disediakan penginapan dan logistik sederhana (perkiraan jumlah biaya Rp400.000,00 - hingga Rp500.000,00 masih sedang disurvey)..
Fasilitas yang diberikan ??
Kesempatan untuk masuk dalam rantai pemasaran kodok lembu...silahkan, mau jadi juragan bibit / percil ? Juragan pakan kodok lembu ? Juragan kodok konsumsi ? atau diversifikasi ?? Buka restoran khusus bullfrog ?

Bagi yang berminat dapat segera menghubungi saya untuk dialokasikan waktu dan akomodasinya...
Sukses selaluu....

Notes