There are so many things we can do for the people and the environment... Let share our minds together..
Sunday, May 23, 2010
The reticulorumen is composed of the rumen and the reticulum. The reticulorumen is partially separated from the rumen by the reticular fold, which allows mixing between the two compartments. The contents of the reticulorumen are mixed by contractions of the reticulorumen wall. The mixing recirculates undigested material preventing the rumen becoming clogged and distributing symbiotic bacteria throughout the ingested material. The reticulorumen becomes colonized by symbiotic bacteria in the first week after birth. The bacteria help to break down the food and release nutrients by a fermentation
The omasum
When food has been broken down enough, it passes from the reticulorumen through the reticulo-omasal orifice. The omasum wall is highly folded, giving a large surface area which allows for the efficient absorption of water and salts released from the partially digested food. The omasum also acts as a type of pump, moving the food from the reticulorumen to the true stomach, the abomasum, where acid digestion takes place.
The abomasum
Unlike a ruminant's three forestomachs, the abomasum is a 'secretory stomach'. This means that cells in the abomasum wall produce enzymes and hydrochloric acid which hydrolyse proteins in the food and also in the microbes mixed in with the food. Hydrolysis breaks the proteins into smaller sub-units (eg dipeptides and amino acids), ready for further digestion and absorption in the small intestine. Because ruminants eat such large amounts of plant material, there is an almost continuous flow of food through the abomasum. In comparison, activity in the stomach of monogastric animals generally has a circadian rhythm associated with food intake (Djikstra, 2005)
Reticulo - Rumen - Omasum - Abomasum
Termasuk organ pencernaan bagian belakang lambung adalah sekum, kolon dan rektum. Pada pencernaan bagian belakang tersebut juga terjadi aktivitas fermentasi. Namun belum banyak informasi yang terungkap tentang peranan fermentasi pada organ tersebut, yang terletak setelah organ penyerapan utama. Proses pencernaan pada ternak ruminansia dapat terjadi secara mekanis di mulut, fermentatif oleh mikroba rumen dan secara hidrolis oleh enzim-enzim pencernaan.
Pada sistem pencernaan ternak ruminasia terdapat suatu proses yangdisebut memamah biak (ruminasi). Pakan berserat (hijauan) yang dimakan ditahan untuk sementara di dalam rumen. Pada saat hewan beristirahat, pakan yang telah berada dalam rumen dikembalikan ke mulut (proses regurgitasi),untuk dikunyah kembali (proses remastikasi), kemudian pakan ditelan kembali(proses redeglutasi). Selanjutnya pakan tersebut dicerna lagi oleh enzim-enzim mikroba rumen. Kontraksi retikulorumen yang terkoordinasi dalam rangkaian proses tersebut bermanfaat pula untuk pengadukan digesta inokulasi dan penyerapan nutrien. Selain itu kontraksi retikulorumen juga bermanfaat untuk pergerakan digesta meninggalkan retikulorumen melalui retikulo-omasal orifice(Tilman et al. 1982).
Di dalam rumen terdapat populasi mikroba yang cukup banyak jumlahnya. Mikroba rumen dapat dibagi dalam tiga grup utama yaitu bakteri, protozoa dan fungi (Czerkawski, 1986). Kehadiran fungi di dalam rumen diakui sangatbermanfaat bagi pencernaan pakan serat, karena dia membentuk koloni pada jaringan selulosa pakan. Rizoid fungi tumbuh jauh menembus dinding sel tanaman sehingga pakan lebih terbuka untuk dicerna oleh enzim bakteri rumen.
Bakteri rumen dapat diklasifikasikan berdasarkan substrat utama yang digunakan, karena sulit mengklasifikasikan berdasarkan morfologinya.Kebalikannya protozoa diklasifikasikan berdasarkan morfologinya sebab mudah dilihat berdasarkan penyebaran silianya. Beberapa jenis bakteri yang dilaporkan oleh Hungate (1966) adalah : (a) bakteri pencerna selulosa (Bakteroidessuccinogenes, Ruminococcus flavafaciens, Ruminococcus albus, Butyrifibriofibrisolvens), (b) bakteri pencerna hemiselulosa (Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens,Bakteroides ruminocola, Ruminococcus sp), (c) bakteri pencerna pati(Bakteroides ammylophilus, Streptococcus bovis, Succinnimonas amylolytica, (d) bakteri pencerna gula (Triponema bryantii, Lactobasilus ruminus), (e) bakteri pencerna protein (Clostridium sporogenus, Bacillus licheniformis).
Protozoa rumen diklasifikasikan menurut morfologinya yaitu: Holotrichs yang mempunyai silia hampir diseluruh tubuhnya dan mencerna karbohidrat yang fermentabel, sedangkan Oligotrichs yang mempunyai silia sekitar mulut umumnya merombak karbohidrat yang lebih sulit dicerna (Arora, 1989).
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Wednesday, May 05, 2010
Typical Rainwater Composition
What is a chemical salt recipe for 'typical' rainwater?
Rainwater gets its compositions largely by dissolving particulate materials in the atmosphere (upper troposhere) when droplets of water nucleate on atmospheric particulates, and secondarily by dissolving gasses from the atmosphere. Rainwater compositions vary geographically. In open ocean and coastal areas they have a salt content essentially like that of sea water (same ionic proportions but much more dilute) plus CO2 as bicarbonate anion (acidic pH). Terrestrial rain compositions vary siginificantly from place to place because the regional geology can greatly affect the types of particulates that get added to the atmosphere. Likewise, sources of gaesous acids (SO3, NO2) and bases (NH3) vary as a function of biome factors and anthopogenic land use practices. Each of these gasses can be added in varying proportions from natural and non natural input sources (non-natural sources of SO3 and NO2 far outweigh natural ones). Particulate load to the atmosphere can also be greatly affected by human activities. Finally, local climate (especially the amount of precipitation in one area compared to another) will affect the solute concentrations in terrestrial rainwaters. The result is highly variable compositions, so there isn't one simple formula.Dr. Kenneth Rubin, Associate Professor
Department of Geology and Geophysics
University of Hawaii, Honolulu HI 96822